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علت تکه تکه شدن خمیر چیست؟

تاریخ انتشار: 1398/05/26

علت تکه تکه شدن خمیر چیست؟

در میان انواع آرد حاصل از غلات تنها آرد گندم است که توانایی تشکیل خمیر چسبنده و قوی که گاز را در خود نگه می دارد و تولید محصولات سبک و متخلخل می کند را دارد. اما گاهی اوقات بنا به دلایلی تعدادی از پارامترهای موجود، تغییر و باعث بروز مشکلاتی خواهد شد. در این بخش به عواملی اشاره می شود که در تکه تکه شدن و پارگی خمیر موثرند، از جمله این عوامل: آسیب نشاسته بالا، کمیت و کیفیت گلوتن، سن زدگی، فعالیت آمیلازی بالا، میکسینگ خمیر، اندازه ذرات و استفاده از گندم دوروم و… است.

آسیب نشاسته بالا

میزان آسیب دیدگی نشاسته یکی از عوامل مهم در کیفیت آرد است که به میزان آسیاب و سختی دانه بستگی دارد. هنگام آسیاب کردن گندم، تعدادی از گرانول های نشاسته تحت تاثیر غلطک ها و به طور فیزیکی دچار آسیب می شوند که میزان این آسیب دیدگی متغیر است. آسیب دیدن بخشی از گرانول های نشاسته در مراحل استحصال آرد برای اثر آنزیم و تولید قندهای ساده و در نهایت قدرت تولید گاز در خمیر شرایط مناسبی را به وجود می آورد علاوه بر آن در حین پخت و یا به هنگام ژلاتینه شدن، نقش مهمی در جذب آب به عهده دارد. اما اگر آسیب دیدگی نشاسته بیش از حد باشد از چنین آردی خمیری چسبنده به دست می آید که بر کیفیت نان اثر منفی خواهد گذاشت.
هنگام آسیب دیدگی زیاد نشاسته گندم، باید آب کمتری در خمیر استفاده شود.
باید توجه داشت که به هنگام آسیاب گندم، آندوسپرم که قسمت اعظم آن نشاسته است نباید تحت تاثیر عوامل آسیاب قرار گیرد زیرا در این صورت آسیب دیدگی در نشاسته که وجود آن تا حدی لازم است بیشتر از حد مورد نیاز شده و در نهایت به هنگام اثر آنزیم، تولید مقادیر زیاد قند را خواهیم داشت. اگرچه چنین آردی ممکن است هنگام خمیرگیری به ظاهر سست نباشد اما این قندها حالت چسبناکی و آبکی در خمیر ایجاد نموده که باعث تکه تکه شدن خمیر می شود بنابراین ضروری است که در صورت آسیب دیدگی نشاسته از آب کمتری استفاده شود زیرا وجود مقادیر زیاد نشاسته آسیب دیده سبب خرابی وضعیت مغز، بافت و در نهایت تنزیل کیفیت نان خواهد شد.

کمیت و کیفیت گلوتن

پروتئین های گندم و یا به عبارت دقیق تر گلوتن عامل مهم در منحصر به فرد بودن گندم به شمار می آید. این پروتئین ها از دسته پروتئین های ذخیره ای بوده و به دلیل عدم حلالیت در آب به راحتی می توان آنها را به شکل تقریبا خالص از سایر اجزا گندم جدا کرد. گلوتن از دو گروه عمده گلیادین (یک نوع پرولامین) و گلوتنین (یگ گلوتلین) تشکیل می شود.
پروتئین های گلیادین گروه بزرگی از پروتئین ها با خواص مشابه هستند که به هنگام مرطوب شدن شدیدا سفت و چسبناک می شوند بطوریکه در مقابل کشش مقاومت چندانی ندارد و به نظر می رسد عامل قوام و چسبندگی خمیر باشد. پروتئین های گلوتنین از دسته پروتئین های هتروژن دار، از نظر خصوصیات فیزیکی چسبنده نبوده اما دارای خاصیت ارتجاعی هستند و به خمیر خاصیت مقاومت در مقابل کشش و انبساط را می دهد.
لازم به ذکر است مقدار گلیادین و گلوتنین برابر است اما هرچه میزان گلوتنین بیشتر شود مناسب نانوایی است و کیفیت گلوتن در این صورت بیشتر خواهد بود و از طرفی هم خمیرهایی با مقاومت به کشش بالا و کشش پذیری پایین، ساختار سفت داشته و به سختی طی تخمیر ور می آیند. این نوع خمیرها قابلیت ارتجاع کمی داشته و خمیرها به صورت تکه تکه در می آیند و از طرفی دیگر خمیر اگر بیش از اندازه سفت باشد، مقاومت به کشش خوبی ندارد و دارای کشش پذیری کمی است که این خود دلیلی برای پارگی و تکه تکه شدن خمیر است.

سن زدگی

آفت سن، دانه گندم را درحال تشکیل و زمانی که حالت شیری دارد مورد حمله قرار می دهد و آن را به آنزیم پروتئاز موجود در بزاق خود آلوده می کند به گونه ای که خمیر حاصل از گندم سن زده دارای فعالیت پروتئولیتیکی شدیدی می شود. گلوتن چنین آردی چون تحت تاثیر پروتئاز است خواص تکنولوژیک خود را تا حد زیادی از دست می دهد. مهم ترین کاری که در این زمینه برای بهبود خمیر و نان می توان انجام داد، شامل: استفاده از اسیدهای آلی و نمک در هنگام خمیر کردن آرد است زیرا این اسیدهای ph، خمیر را تا حدودی کاهش و فعالیت آنزیم پروتئاز در چنین محیطی از ph مطلوب خود دور می شود. از تمهیدات دیگر که در این زمینه قابل اجرا است کوتاه کردن زمان تخمیر است تا عمل پروتئولیز در کمترین حد انجام گیرد.

فعالیت آلفا آمیلازی

با توجه به اینکه سیستم های بیولوژیکی در غلات از پیچیدگی خاصی برخوردار هستند اما تعداد بسیار زیادی از آنزیم ها، هرچند در یک محدوده ی زمانی وجود خواهند داشت اما در این قسمت فعالیت بیش از حد آلفا آمیلاز باعث تولید خمیری چسبناک و شل می شود که در نهایت باعث تکه تکه شدن خمیر خواهد شد.

میکسینگ خمیر

در هنگام تهیه نان، آرد و اجزای دیگر را باهم مخلوط می کنند تا خمیر به دست آید در واقع خمیر چیزی فراتر از مخلوط آرد و آب است در جریان این مخلوط کردن در اجزای تشکیل دهنده تغییرات زیادی مشاهده می شود که مختصر به تاثیرات و تغییرات این اجزا می پردازیم:

آب:

در تهیه نان آب تنها یک رقیق کننده بی اثر نیست بلکه اثراتی به مراتب بیشتر از آنچه تصور می شود را داراست. مقدار و نوع مواد آلی و املاح محلول در آب می تواند بر طعم، رنگ، خصوصیت فیزیکی، شدت تورم و تخمیر و.. آرد تاثیر بگذارد. مهم ترین اثر املاح موجود در آب بر خصوصیات مکانیکی خمیر و بافت آن ظاهر می شود. از سوی دیگر استفاده از آب های فاقد املاح کافی به خمیر حاصله حالت چسبندگی بیش از حد لازم را می دهد. با افزودن املاح مناسب مانند کلسیم مونوفسفات در آب می توان بر این حالت غلبه کرد. از سوی دیگر املاح کلسیم و منیزیم به آب منجر به سخت تر شدن خمیر می شود که آن را ناشی از واکنش گلوتن با کاتیون ها می دانند.

نمک:

نمک طعام یکی از موادی است که در تهیه نان به کار می رود و درصد کمی از کلروسدیم خمیر را سفت کرده و باعث استحکام آن می شود. مکانیسم اثر نمک بر کیفیت خمیر را برمبنای خواص الکترواستاتیکی آن توجیه می کنند. در حالتیکه اثر ph خمیر بالاتر یا پایین تر از ph ایزوالکتریک (که در آن ph پروتئین ها رسوب می کنند) باشد مولکول های پروتئین دارای بارهای الکتریکی همنام است و دافعه ی متقابل بارها از رسوب پروتئین ها و در نتیجه از سفت شدن آن جلوگیری می کند حال اگر از یک الکترولیت مناسب مانند نمک که بتواند همچون سپر بین بارهای همنام قرار گیرد استفاده شود مولکول های پروتئین تاحدی به هم نزدیک شده و در پروتئین سفت می شود. در صورتیکه عمل اختلاط به طور کامل انجام نشود بروز تغییرات در خمیر خصوصا اگر دانه گندم از نوع سخت باشد، ناچیز خواهد بود و از طرفی هم زمان میکس شدن خمیر هم حائز اهمیت است چون over mixing باعث کاهش پایداری خمیر و بنابراین از هم گسیختگی شبکه گلوتنی می شود که این خود عاملی برای تکه تکه شدن خمیر محسوب می شود.

اندازه ذرات:

هرچه ذرات آرد ریزتر باشد دارای مقادیر بیشتری پروتئین بوده و یا گرانول های کوچک نشاسته به صورت متصل با پروتئین دیده می شود. همگام با افزایش اندازه ذرات و ریز شدن آرد سهم گرانول های عاری از پروتئین در نشاسته رو به افزایش است و عموما سبوس های درشت مانع تشکیل شبکه های قوی می شوند و به دنبال آن تکه تکه شدن و پارگی خمیر اتفاق می افتد.

گندم دوروم:

گندم دوروم به تنهایی برای آرد خبازی مناسب نیست چون این گندم دارای گلوتن بالا و ایندکس پایین است که باعث پاره شدن خمیر می شود. مغز دانه ی گندم دوروم کشش زیاد و مقاومت به کشش کمی دارد اما لایه آندوسپرم نزدیک به پوست (به عنوان مثال آرد لواش حاصل از دوروم) کشش کم و مقاومت کمی دارد در نتیجه سبوس شبکه های گلوتنی را پاره و خمیر زودتر از انتظار پاره می شود. قابل ذکر است اگر اندازه ۱۰-۱۵ درصد با گندم معمولی اختلاط شود از آنجایی که آرد حاصل از آسیابانی گندم دوروم، دانه شکری (زبر) است موجب بهبود جریان آرد در سیستم آسیابانی خواهد شد.

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